What Is Transmission Impairment, noise, TCP

Transmission Impairment

Different causes of Transmission impairment are as follows:


Attenuation

Any reduction in the strength of a signal is known as an attenuation and signal lost some of its strength when it is transmitted over transmission medium for long distance.It occurred in both guided and unguided transmission media.The signal loss in the energy in order to overcome the resistance of the transmission media.It carrying  an electric signal gets warm after sometime. some of the electrical energy in the signal is converted into heat.Amplifier is used to amplify the signal to recovered the loss of energy this process is known as amplification.

Distortion

The change in the form or shape of the signal is known as distortion.It can occur in a composite signal  that consists of different frequencies that each signal has its own propagation speed through a medium.Different signal the have different delayed in arriving at the distination.This difference may create a distortion in composite signal.

 Noise

Any unwanted signal is called noise. Noise can be different types like thermal noise and unwanted noise crosstalk and impulse noise. The noise may corrupt the signal. Thermal noise is the random motion of electron in power that creates an extra signal not originally sent by the sender.Noise comes from sources such as motors and a cross talk if the effect of one Wild on the other impulse noise is a similar with high energy in a very short time that comes from power lines and lightning etc.

 TCP

TCP stands for transmission control protocol.It provides full transport layer services to application if it is our reliable stream  transport port to Port protocol. The term stream means connection-oriented.Sender send a message until the receiver is connected and agreed to a communication.TCP generate a virtual circuit between sender and receiver by creating this connection.The connection remains active for the duration of a transmission.In this way are receiver now to  expect the entire transmission rather than a single packet.TCP is a connection-oriented service it is responsible for reliable delivery of the and tired stream of bits  contained in a message generated by the planning application, reliability is ensured by providing error detection and transmission of damaged frame the all segments must be received and technology to before.The transmission is considered complete and the actual circuit.This created at the sending and TCP divide the long transmission into smaller data and unit and packages each into a frame called a segment of each segment include a frequency number for the operating after recipt an acknowledgement ID number.Segment are carried across network links inside of the IP datagram at the receiving and TCP collects each datagram and reorder the transmission based on the sequence number.

 TCP features

1.  Connection Opening

Understanding host a process such as web browser issues a request to send data to a destination, such as web server. TCP creates an initial segment design to open the connection between sender and receiver.In this initial contact,  the two system exchange IP address and port number and set up the flow control and Sequencing.

2.  Flow Control

The sending and receiving hosts exchange the number of bytes to the accepted at on time.In this way the sands and and amount of data that can be handled by the receiver the amount of data can we exchange at the circumstances change on each machine.

3.  Sequencing

Every segment is assigned a sequence number.The sequence number is told in the first bite in every argument.Thus technique is used by the receiving host to reassemble and segment that arrive out of order.

4.  Error Detection

 Value in the header is used by the receiver to test the integrity of incoming segment.The receiver send an error message to the sender if the segment is corrected,  then immediately retransmits the segment.

5.  Connection Closing

The connection is closed when no more data is to be sent the sending.TCP send a segment that tells the receiver that the socket should be closed.

UDP

UDP  stands for user datagram protocol.It is a connectionless service.It means that the standard does not have to first established a link to the receiver before transmitting data. It is a simple transport protocol.It is the only port address effects and control and length information to the data from April 1 packet produced by UDP in a user datagram.

 UDP provide only basic function required for and to delivery of Transmission.It does not provide any Sequencing or ordering a function that it cannot specify the damaged packet.When an error occured UDP does not contain an idea for Sequencing number for a particular datagram.

What is the difference between TCP and UDP.

IP Addressing

The MAC  address you provide the physical address for the network interface card however it does not provide any information about the location of its network of Internet Protocol address in provides a solution to worldwide attracting by using a unique address that identifies the computers Local Network. IP Network numbers are assigned by Internet assigned numbers authority.This agency assigned IP address to computer network comes it and sure that no two different network are assigned the same IP Network address. IP addresses are classified as IPv4 or IPv6.

What is the difference between IPv4 addressing and IPv6 addressing

IPv4 Addressing

IP version 4 is the current TCP/ IP address in technique being used on the internet. it is also the preferred technique for providing addresses in the land the typical IP address is written as to 16.2 7.6 1.1 37.

IPv6 Addressing

It is the current TCP/ IP address in technique used on the Internet. the address space for ipv4 it quickly running out due to the Rapid growth of the Internet.


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